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三ㄍㄨㄥ安全管理之功能安全
本帖最後由 hlperng 於 2017-12-11 09:24 編輯
功能安全性源自航太國防領域的系統安全性 (systems safety),近年來許多複雜的系統產品大多應用資通技術 (ICT) 的電氣、電子與電腦 (electrical, electronic and programmable electronic, E/E/PE) 產品執行控制及防護功能,特別強調這些新興功能產品必須有安全相關系統 (safety-related-system, SRS) 的考量,以保障能衍生的安全問題,稱之為功能安全性 (functional safety)。功能安全性是產品安全性 (product safety) 的首要項目,是提供產品與服務的組織的責任,稱之為產品責任 (product liability)。
功能安全性的重要參數為安全完整性 (Safety Integrity, SI),其定義為:電氣/電子/可編程電子系統,在給定的期間內、在所有給定的條件下,滿意地執行規定的安全性功能的機率。(Probability of an E/E/PE safety-related system satisfactorily performing the specified safety functions under all the stated conditions within a stated period of time.) 系統的安全性能力稱為安全完整性等級 (safety integrity level, SIL),SIL 數值越高、代表安全完整性越高,亦即危險性失效機率越低。
功能安全完整性的重要時間參數:平均危險性失效間隔時間,MTBFD;一般要求,MTBFD > 2 × MTBF。失效率分為安全性失效率,λS,與危險性失效率,λD,兩類;危險性失效率再分為已偵測危險性失效率,λDD,與未偵測危險性失效率,λUD,兩類;其中下標 S 表示安全性、D 表示危險性 (danger)、DD 表示已偵測危險性、UD 表示未偵測危險性 (undetected danger)。
傳統可靠度的定義:物品在規定的條件下、規定的時間區間內,滿意地執行所需的功能的機率。(Probability of an item satisfactorily performing the required functions under the specified conditions within a specified period of time. )。可靠度的重要時間參數分別為:MTBF、λ。
比較功能安全性與可靠度的定義和重要參數,可知要處理功能安全性議題,需要了解及熟悉可靠度工程與技術。
系統產品的功能 (function),初期是以執行任務 (mission) 時的任務功能 (mission function) 為主,系統在其生命週期過程中有可能會衍生的安全性議題,一般稱為系統安全性 (system safety)。隨著安全性技術的發展與應用,漸漸考量到對於使用人員以外的其他人員、甚至對於財物與環境的影響,為了與原有的任務性功能有所區別,產生出新的安全性相關功能 (safety-related function) 的需求,特別稱之為功能安全性 (functional safety)。安全性功能主要是由因應防止或預防個別危害發生而設計製造的控制系統 (control system) 負責,構成控制系統的物品稱為安全性相關零件 (safety-related part, SRP)。功能安全性議題有幾項特質,它的重點並不是討論設備產品的基本任務操作功能,而是著眼於執行任務時的安全性相關功能為考量起點。功能安全性以風險為決策依據,稱之為安全性管理,雖然同樣以管理為主軸,但是安全性管理以產品生命週期及技術程序(系統工程程序) (systems engineering process, SEP) 為主的生命週期管理 (life cycle management, LCM) 或系統工程管理 (systems engineering management, SEM),有別於以組織管理程序為主的品質管理。現代很多產業領域逐漸利用現代電機、電子、與可編程電子產品,執行系統安全性監視、控制或防護功能,功能安全性就是針對這種概念所建構的安全性相關系統 (safety-related system, SRS),討論在產品生命週期中有關物品失效與安全性需求的議題。
功能安全性 (functional safety) 基本概念源自國際電工委員會 (IEC) 在 1998 年所發行的 IEC 61508 系列國際標準,經過 10 年的應用,2010 年 61508 完成改版。在 IEC 61508 推出之後,應用此一安全概念的產業包括石化過程控制 (IEC 61511:2003)、機械 (IEC 62061:2005)、核能 (IEC 61613:2011) 等產業。道路車輛產業在 2006 年開始導入,2010 年國際標準化組織 (ISO) 發行 ISO 26262:2010 系列國際標準,目前正進行 2018 改版工作。目前功能安全性的概念已經從電子技術領域擴散到一般產品領域,諸如機械產品(特別是智慧機械)的 IEC 62061:2005 和 ISO 13849-1:2006,電動車電動馬達重要的可調速電氣驅動系統 (PDS) 的 IEC 61800-5-2:2007、IEC 61800-5-2:2016,可編程工業控制器 (PLC) 的 IEC 61131-6:2012,低電壓配電系統防護裝置試驗量測與監測設備中絕緣監視裝置的 IEC 61557-15:2014,工業 4.0 智慧製造工業通訊網路 (industrial communication networks) Fieldbus 匯流排的 IEC 61784-3:2016。
一般應用 ICT 技術電氣、電子與電腦系統功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 61508:1998 (ed1.0) (7 parts series), Functional safety of safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems
- IEC 61508:2010 (ed2.0) (7 parts series), Functional safety of safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems
道路車輛功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- ISO 26262:2011 (ed1.0) (10 parts series), Road vehicles - Functional safety
- ISO 26262:2018 (ed2.0) (12 parts series), Road vehicles - Functional safety
軌道應用功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- EN 50126-1:1999, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 1: Basic requirements and generic process
- IEC 62278:2002, Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS)
- EN 50126-3:2006, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 3: Guide to the application of EN 50126-1 for rolling stock RAMS
- IEC 62425:2007 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Safety related electronic systems for signalling
- EN 50126-2:2007, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 2: Guide to the application of EN 50126-1 for safety
- IEC/TR 62278-3:2010 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) - Part 3: Guide to the application of IEC 62278 for rolling stock RAM
- IEC 62279:2015 (ed2.0), Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems
- IEC/TR 62278-4:2016 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) - Part 4: RAMS risk and RAM life cycle aspects
機器控制系統安全相關零件功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- ISO 13849-1:1999 (ed1.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles for design
- IEC 62061:2005 (ed1.0), Safety of Machinery - Functional Safety of Safety-Related Electrical, Electronic and Programmable Electronic Control Systems
- ISO 13849-1:2006 (ed2.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles for design
- ISO 23849:2010 (ed1.0), Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery
- ISO 13849-1:2015 (ed3.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-Related parts of control system - Part 1: General principles for design
- ISO 17305:2018,規劃整合 ISO 13849-1 和 IEC 62061 成單一標準,目前進度停滯。
可編程控制器 (PLC) 功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 61131-6:2012 (ed1.0), Programmable controller - Part 6: Functional safety
過程產業儀控系統功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 61511:2003 (ed1.0) (3 parts series), Functional Safety - Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector
核能系統與設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
- Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), MORT: The Management Oversight and Risk Tree (1973)
- IEC 61513:2011 (ed1.0), Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and Control for Systems Important to Safety - General Requirements for Systems
機器電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 60204 series, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machine
機器人安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
- ISO 10218-1:2006 (ed1.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 1: Robots
- ISO 10218-1:2011 (ed2.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 1: Robots
- ISO 10218-2:2011 (ed1.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 2: Robot systems and integration
一般電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 61010 (series), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use
醫療電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
- IEC 60601-1 (series), Medical electrical equipment - Part 1: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
- IEC 60601-2 (series), Medical electrical equipment - Part 2: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance
以航太及國防產業為主的系統安全性相關標準與文件,依出版時間先後列述如下:
- MIL-S-23069:1961, Safety Requirements, Minimum, Air Launched Guided Missiles
- USAF, BSD Exhibit 62-41:1962, System Safety Engineering for the Development of Air Force Ballistic Missiles (1962)
- AR-385-15:1963, System Safety
- MIL-S-23069A:1966, Safety Requirements, Minimum, Air Launched Guided Missiles
- MIL-S-38130:1967, Safety Engineering of Systems and Associated Subsystems and Equipment, General Requirements for (s/s by MIL-STD-882)
- MIL-STD-882:1969, System Safety Program Requirements
- MIL-STD-1522:1972, Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems
- MIL-STD-882A:1977, System Safety Program Requirements
- MIL-STD-1574:1977, System Safety Program for Space and Missile Systems
- MIL-STD-1574A:1979, System Safety Program for Space and Missile Systems (Canceled on 1993 and replaced by MIL-STD-882C:1993)
- MIL-STD-882B:1984, System Safety Program Requirements
- MIL-STD-1522A:1984, Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems
- JPL-D-560, JPL Standard for Systems Safety
- MIL-STD-882C:1993, System Safety Program Requirements
- ECSS-Q-40A:1996, Space Product Assurance - Safety
- MIL-STD-882D:2000, Standard Practice for System Safety
- AF-SS-HDBK, Air Force System Safety Handbook, 2000
- FAA System Safety Handbook, 2000
- NASA NHB 1700.1:2000, System Safety
- ECSS-Q-40B:2002, Space Product Assurance - Safety
- ECSS-Q-ST-40C:2009, Space Product Assurance - Safety
- NPG-8715.3, NASA Safety Manual Procedures and Guidelines
- NASA-SP-2010-580:2011, NASA System Safety Handbook - Volume 1: System Safety Framework and Concepts for Implementation
- MIL-STD-882E:2012, System Safety
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