Context = 情境、環境、前後環節、上下文、背景、或內涵

hlperng

國際標準化組織(ISO)推動管理系統標準(management system standard, MSS)，為了凸顯組織及組織領導在品質管理或營運品質管理的角色，提出統一管理系統標準的十大章節架構的要求。其中第4章的標題為：Context of Organization。目前，導讀2015新版國際品質管理者，大多將context翻譯為「環境」。但是環境相對於英文的environment，容易和環境管理標準 ISO 14000 發生混淆。另外2009年，ISO發行風險管理國際標準系列時，等同此一國際標準的國家標準 CNS 31000，率先已經將Context翻譯為「前後環節」，而前後環節是否就是 Context 國家標準用語，特別是在標準領域，值得大家討論之。

Context:

• Google翻譯：context = 背景、景況、前後關係
• 習慣上context 代表文件內容的前後文、文章的題裁。
• CNS 31000:2012：風險管理 - 原則與指導綱要（等同ISO 31000:2009)，context = 前後環節
• 將context 翻譯為內涵，一般文件包括格式(form)、內容(content)、內涵(context)。
  

CNS 31000:2012：風險管理 - 原則與指導綱要（等同ISO 31000:2009)
2.9 establishing the context
defining the external and internal parameters to be taken into account when managing risk, and setting the scope and risk criteria (2.22) for the risk management policy (2.4).
2.9 建立前後環節
當管理風險、設定風險管理政策(2.4)之範圍與風險準則(2.22)時，對界定的外部與內部參數應予考量。

2.10 external context
external environment in which the organization seeks to achieve its objectives.
NOTE. External context can include:
- the cultural, social, political, legal, regulatory, finanical, technological, economic, natural and competitive environment, whether internatonal, national, regional or local;
- key drivers and trends having impact on the objectives of the organization; and
- relationship with, and perceptions and values of external stakeholders (2.13).  
2.10 外部前後環節
組織尋求達成其目標的外部環境。
備考：外部前後環節可包括：
－ 無論是國際、國家、區域或地方的文化、社會、政治、法令、規章、財務、技術、經濟、天然及競爭環境；
－ 對組織的目標具有衝擊影響之主要推動者與趨勢，及
－ 與外部利害相關者(2.13)的關係，以及外部利害相關者之感知與價值。

2.11 internal context
internal environment in which the organization seeks to achieve its objectives
NOTE. Internal context can include:
- governance, organizational structure, roles and accountabilities;
- policies, objectives, and the strategies that are in place to achieve them;
- the capabilities, understood in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g., capital, time, people, processes, systems and technologies);
- information systems, information flows and decision-making processes (both formal and informal);
- relationships with, and perceptions and values of, internal stakeholders;
- the organization's culture;
- standards, guidelines and models adopted by the organization; and
- form and extent of contractural relationships.  
2.11 內部前後環節
組織尋求達成其目標的內部環境。
備考：內部前後環節可包括：
－ 治理、組織的結構、角色及當責；
－ 政策、目標，以及能使其達成的策略；
－ 從資源與知識（例：資金、時間、人員、過程、系統及技術）為觀點所具有的能力。
－ 資訊系統、資訊流及決策過程（正式與非正式兩者）。
－ 與內部利害相關者的關係，以及內部利害相關者之感知與價值。
－ 組織的文化。
－ 組織所採用的標準、指導綱要及模式，及
－ 合約關係之形式與範圍。


ISO 9001:2015 CD
4. Context of the organization
4.1 Understanding the organization and its context
The organization shall determine external and internal issues, that are relevant to its purpose and its strategic direction and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcome(s) of its quality management system.
The organization shall update such determinations when needed.  
When determining relevant external and internal issues, the organization shall consider those arising from:
a) changes and trends which can have an impact on the objectives of the organization;
b) relationships with, and perceptions and values of relevant interested parites;
c) governances issues, strategic priorities, internal policies and commitments; and
d) resource availability and priorities and technological change.
...

4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties
The organization shall determine:
a) the interested parties that are relevant to the quality management system, and
b) the requirements of these interested parties.
The organization shall update such determinations in order to understand and anticipate needs or expectations affecting customer requirements and customer satisfaction.  
The organization shall consider the following interested parties:
a) dierect customers;
b) end users;
c) suppliers, distributors, retailers or other involved in the supply chain;
d) regulators; and
e) any other relevant interested parites.

NOTE.  ....
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4.3 Determining the scope of the quality management system
The organization shall determine the boundaries and applicability of the quality management system to establish its scope.  
When determining this scope, the organization shall consider
a) the external and internal issues referred to in 4.1, and
b) the requirements referred to in 4.2.
....