安全 (safe) 的定義中常用「 ... 的自由或遠離 ...」 (free of ... or freedom from ...),意謂著安全性 (safety) 是指避免造成人員 (people) 死亡、傷害、職業病,設備或財物 (property) 等資產損壞或滅失,或環境 (environment) 污染或破壞等條件的性質。可知安全性議題與風險息息相關,風險算是安全性最常用的指標之一。安全 (safe) 與安全性 (safety) 是同義字,不過仔細加以區分,還是有一些語意上的差異。安全是一種現象、狀態,而安全性為表示安全狀態的程度或者達成安全狀態的能力指標。
安全 (Safe) 的定義:
免於危險或者受到傷害的風險。 (Freedom from danger or the risk of harm.)
遠離危險或者滅失。 (Secure from danger or loss.)
遠離死亡、傷害或滅失機率的狀態。 (A state that is secure from the possibility of death, injury, or loss.)
意外風險很低的狀態 (亦即低危險)。(A state of low mishap risk (i.e., low danger).)
傷害或危險的威脅不存在或極小的狀態。(A state where the threat of harm or danger is nonexistent or minimal.)
安全性 (Safety) 的定義:
免於會造成人員死亡、傷害、職業病,設備或財物損壞或滅失,或者破壞環境的條件。(Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.) (來源:MIL-STD-882D)
安全性透過第一次以及每一次都把對的事做好而達成。(Safety is achieved by doing things right the first time, every time.)
The state in which the possibility of harm to person or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk management. (Aviation safety, ICAO 9859 AN/474)
功能安全性的重要參數為安全完整性 (Safety Integrity, SI),其定義為:電氣/電子/可編程電子系統,在給定的期間內、在所有給定的條件下,滿意地執行規定的安全性功能的機率。(Probability of an E/E/PE safety-related system satisfactorily performing the specified safety functions under all the stated conditions within a stated period of time.) 系統的安全性能力稱為安全完整性等級 (safety integrity level, SIL),SIL 數值越高、代表安全完整性越高,亦即危險性失效機率越低。
傳統可靠度的定義:物品在規定的條件下、規定的時間區間內,滿意地執行所需的功能的機率。(Probability of an item satisfactorily performing the required functions under the specified conditions within a specified period of time. )。可靠度的重要時間參數分別為:MTBF、λ。
IEC 61508:1998 (ed1.0) (7 parts series), Functional safety of safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems
IEC 61508:2010 (ed2.0) (7 parts series), Functional safety of safety-related electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems
道路車輛功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
ISO 26262:2011 (ed1.0) (10 parts series), Road vehicles - Functional safety
ISO 26262:2018 (ed2.0) (12 parts series), Road vehicles - Functional safety
軌道應用功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
EN 50126-1:1999, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 1: Basic requirements and generic process
IEC 62278:2002, Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS)
EN 50126-3:2006, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 3: Guide to the application of EN 50126-1 for rolling stock RAMS
IEC 62425:2007 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Safety related electronic systems for signalling
EN 50126-2:2007, Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) - Part 2: Guide to the application of EN 50126-1 for safety
IEC/TR 62278-3:2010 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) - Part 3: Guide to the application of IEC 62278 for rolling stock RAM
IEC 62279:2015 (ed2.0), Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems
IEC/TR 62278-4:2016 (ed1.0), Railway applications - Specification and demonstration of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) - Part 4: RAMS risk and RAM life cycle aspects
機器控制系統安全相關零件功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
ISO 13849-1:1999 (ed1.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles for design
IEC 62061:2005 (ed1.0), Safety of Machinery - Functional Safety of Safety-Related Electrical, Electronic and Programmable Electronic Control Systems
ISO 13849-1:2006 (ed2.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles for design
ISO 23849:2010 (ed1.0), Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery
ISO 13849-1:2015 (ed3.0), Safety of machinery - Safety-Related parts of control system - Part 1: General principles for design
ISO 17305:2018,規劃整合 ISO 13849-1 和 IEC 62061 成單一標準,目前進度停滯。
可編程控制器 (PLC) 功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
IEC 61131-6:2012 (ed1.0), Programmable controller - Part 6: Functional safety
過程產業儀控系統功能安全性 (functional safety) 相關標準與文件:
IEC 61511:2003 (ed1.0) (3 parts series), Functional Safety - Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector
核能系統與設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), MORT: The Management Oversight and Risk Tree (1973)
IEC 61513:2011 (ed1.0), Nuclear Power Plants - Instrumentation and Control for Systems Important to Safety - General Requirements for Systems
機器電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
IEC 60204 series, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machine
機器人安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
ISO 10218-1:2006 (ed1.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 1: Robots
ISO 10218-1:2011 (ed2.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 1: Robots
ISO 10218-2:2011 (ed1.0), Robots for industrial environments - Safety requirements - Part 2: Robot systems and integration
一般電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
IEC 61010 (series), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use
醫療電氣設備安全性 (safety) 相關標準與文件:
IEC 60601-1 (series), Medical electrical equipment - Part 1: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
IEC 60601-2 (series), Medical electrical equipment - Part 2: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance
以航太及國防產業為主的系統安全性相關標準與文件,依出版時間先後列述如下:
MIL-S-23069:1961, Safety Requirements, Minimum, Air Launched Guided Missiles
USAF, BSD Exhibit 62-41:1962, System Safety Engineering for the Development of Air Force Ballistic Missiles (1962)
AR-385-15:1963, System Safety
MIL-S-23069A:1966, Safety Requirements, Minimum, Air Launched Guided Missiles
MIL-S-38130:1967, Safety Engineering of Systems and Associated Subsystems and Equipment, General Requirements for (s/s by MIL-STD-882)
MIL-STD-882:1969, System Safety Program Requirements
MIL-STD-1522:1972, Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems
MIL-STD-882A:1977, System Safety Program Requirements
MIL-STD-1574:1977, System Safety Program for Space and Missile Systems
MIL-STD-1574A:1979, System Safety Program for Space and Missile Systems (Canceled on 1993 and replaced by MIL-STD-882C:1993)
MIL-STD-882B:1984, System Safety Program Requirements
MIL-STD-1522A:1984, Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems
JPL-D-560, JPL Standard for Systems Safety
MIL-STD-882C:1993, System Safety Program Requirements
ECSS-Q-40A:1996, Space Product Assurance - Safety
MIL-STD-882D:2000, Standard Practice for System Safety
AF-SS-HDBK, Air Force System Safety Handbook, 2000
FAA System Safety Handbook, 2000
NASA NHB 1700.1:2000, System Safety
ECSS-Q-40B:2002, Space Product Assurance - Safety
ECSS-Q-ST-40C:2009, Space Product Assurance - Safety
NPG-8715.3, NASA Safety Manual Procedures and Guidelines
NASA-SP-2010-580:2011, NASA System Safety Handbook - Volume 1: System Safety Framework and Concepts for Implementation
國際標準化組織 (ISO) 轄下的 ISO/TC 292 Security and resilience 技術委員會,於2015 年 1 月 1 日成立,合併 ISO/TC 223 社會保全性 (Societal security) (2001-2014)、ISO/TC 247 詐欺反制與控制 (Fraud countermeasures and controls) (2009-2014)、及 ISP/PC 284 私人保全公司 (PSC) 運作品質管理系統 (Management system for quality of private security company (PSC) operations) (2013-2014) 等三個技術委員會。
ISO 20121:2012, 事件永續性管理系統 (Event sustainability management systems - Requirements with guidance for use) (ISO/TMBG + ISO/PC 250, Sustainability in event management)
ISO 22300:2012, 社會安全 - 詞彙 (Societal security - Terminology)
ISO 22301:2012, 社會安全 - 營運永續管理系統 - 要求 (Societal security - Business continuity management systems - Requirements)
ISO 32313:2012, 社會安全 - 營運持續管理系統 - 指南 (Societal security - Business continuity management sytems - Guiance)
ISO 22315:2014, 社會安全 - 大規模疏散 - 規劃指導綱要 (Societal secuirty -Mass evacuation - Guidelines for planning)
ISO 22316:2017, 安全與韌性 - 組織韌性 - 原則與屬性 (Security and resilience - Organizational resilience - Principles and attrubutes)
ISO/TS 22317:2015, 社會安全 - 營運持續管理系統 - 營運衝擊分析指導綱要 (Societal security - Business continuity management systems - Guidelines for business impact analysis (BIA))
ISO/TS 22318:2015, 社會安全 - 營運持續管理系統 - 供應鏈持續指導綱要 (Societal security - Business continuity management systems - Guidelines for supply chain continuity)
ISO 22319:2017, 安全與韌性 - 社區韌性 - 自發性志願者參與規劃指導綱要 (Security and resilience - community resilience - Guidelines for planning the involvement of spontaneous volunteers)
ISO 22320:2011, 社會安全 - 應急管理 -事故反映要求 (Societal security - Emergency management - Requirements for incident response)
ISO 22322:2015, 社會安全 - 應急管理 - 公開警告指導綱要 (Societal security - Emergency management - Guidelines for public warning)
ISO 22324:2015, 社會安全 - 應急管理 - 顏色代碼警報指導綱要 (Societal security - Emergency maangement - Guidelines for colour code alerts)
ISO 22325:2016, 安全與韌性 - 應急管理 - 能力評鑑指導綱要 (Security and resilience - Emergency management - Guidelines for capability assessment)
ISO/TR 22351:2015, 社會安全 - 應急管理 - 資訊交換之訊息架構 (Societal security - Emergency management - Message structure for exchange of information)
ISO 22397:2014, 社會安全 - 建立伙伴安排指導綱要 (Societal security - Guidelines for establishing partnering arrangements)
ISO 22398:2013, 社會安全 - 演習指導綱要 (Societal security - Guidelines for exercises)
ISO 28000:2007, 供應鏈安全管理系統規範 (Specification for security managment system for the supply chain)
ISO 28001:2007, 供應鏈安全管理系統 - 實施供應鏈安全、評鑑與規劃最佳實物 - 要求與指導綱要 (Secrity management systems for the supply chain - Best practices for implementing supply chain security, assessments and plans - Requirements and guidance)
ISO 28002:2011, Security management systems for supply chain - Development of resilience in the supply chain - Requirements with guidance for use
ISO 28003:2007, Security management systems for the supply chain - Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of supply chain security management systems
ISO 28004-1:2007, Security management systems for the supply chain - Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 28000 - Part 1: General principles
ISO 28004-3:2014, Security management systems for supply chain - Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 28000 - Part 3: Additional specific guidance for adopting ISO 28000 for use by medium and small businesses (other than marine ports)
ISO 28004-4:2014, Security management systems for the supply chain - Guidelines for the implementation of ISO 28000 - Part 4: Additional specific guidance on implementing ISO 28000 if compliance with ISO 28001 is a managment objective
ISO/TC 262 Risk management
ISO 31000:2009, 風險管理 - 原則與指導綱要 (Risk management - Principles and guidelines)